lanjutan : Bahaya Merokok
Kanker :
- Paru-paru (lung cancer)
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Oesophagus (squamous cell carcinoma)
- Oesophagus (adenocarcinoma)
- Pancreas
- Urinary bladder
- Renal pelvis
- Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
- Stomach
- Uterine cervix
- Granulocytic cells of bone marrow (myeoloid leukaemia)
- Nasal cavities
- Nasal sinuses
- Liver
Sistem Pernafasan :
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Acute respiratory illnesses including pneumonia
- Premature onset of and an accelerated decline in lung function
- All major respiratory symptoms in adults, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing & dyspnoea
- Poor asthma control
Sistem Kardiovaskular :
- Coronary heart disease (CHD)
- Cerebrovascula disease
- Aortic aneurysm
- Peripheral arteria
Penyakit lainnya :
- Gastric ulcer
- Cataract
- Periodontitis
- Duodenal ulcer
- Adverse surgical outcomes related to wound healing and respiratory complications
- Hip fracture
- Reduced fertility in females
- Crohn's disease
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Tobacco amblyopia
- Osteoporosis
Gangguan sistem pernafasan khusus pada bayi / anak, yang ibunya merokok:
- Impaired lung growth
- Early-onset of lung function decline
- Respiratory symptoms including coughing, phlegm, wheezing dyspnoea
- Asthma-related symptoms (wheezing)
Sistem Reproduksi Wanita :
- Pregnancy complications
- Preterm delivery and shortened gestation
- Foetal growth restrictions and low birth weight
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
referensi :
